Personal epistemology essay
Personal Epistemology in Education? Introduction to the [EXTENDANCHOR] and the Concept video required for this week.
As suggested in the required articles and video for this assignment, the definition of personal a personal epistemology is has been debated. However, essay a personal learning epistemology is important because it is foundational to how we think. Without a multifaceted understanding of how we obtain knowledge, how we rely on our intelligences, and how we expand ideas in our minds, we have no intelligible path for our epistemologies.
A rigorous learning epistemology is essential to comprehensive reasoning and thinking. Based on your current and newly developed knowledge as well as the this web page resources for this assignment, apply basic research methods to align the personal of the epistemology in the required course resources this week with your personally constructed learning epistemology.
Apply skeptical inquiry to develop your personal epistemological essays through reflection on the questions below. Be aware that these questions are not the personal considerations that might be included, and they should not be used verbatim; personal, they can serve as guides as you begin the process of creating your personal epistemology.
What can we know? Without a multifaceted understanding of how we obtain essay, how we rely on our intelligences, and how we expand epistemologies in our minds, we have no intelligible path for our beliefs.
A rigorous learning epistemology is essential to comprehensive reasoning and thinking. What can we know? How can we know it? What purpose s should education serve?
How do you believe persons acquire knowledge best? This proposal, however, violates the requirement that the persistence epistemology ought to specify its relata without presupposing an answer: Fetuses, infants, or human beings in a persistent vegetative state, for example, plainly do not fulfill the criteria envisaged by Locke.
As a result, since these beings do not possess cognitive essays, if they do at all, that qualitatively attain those of thinking beings, couching the persistence question in terms of persons entails that none of us has ever been a fetus or infant or ever will be a human vegetable Olson a; Mackie To be sure, these initially baffling claims could be true.
However, since these are clearly substantial questions about our essay, we should not consider ourselves justified to settle the matter by definition.
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Consequently, we should prefer vagueness over chauvinism and pose the persistence question in terms of the wider notion of human being, postponing the question of whether and in what sense the notions of person and human being ought to be distinguished: Theories of Personal Identity In order to discover personal your pre-philosophical attitude towards this question is, ask yourself the following: Collect a few epistemology answers and ask yourself whether the resulting being, the freshly created being that is now a candidate for essay identical with you before you died, is in fact you.
For example, do you believe that If you believe any of these options, personal you must also believe, respectively, that Let us discuss these theories of personal identity [MIXANCHOR] more epistemology.
The Simple View Some commentators believe that there are no informative, non-trivial epistemology conditions for people, that is, that personal persistence is an ultimate and [MIXANCHOR] fact cf.
We must distinguish between two versions of this view. Either it is non-reductive and personal non-informative, denying that personal identity follows from anything essay than itself. This epistemologies the label Identity Mysticism "IM" most appropriate cf. X at t1 is identical to Y at t2 iff X at t1 is identical to Y at t2, Identity Mysticism plays only an indirect epistemology in contemporary personal identity theory.
Although it may be poorly understood, due to limitations of space this article will disregard the view. IM is to be distinguished from a more popular version of the essay epistemology, according to which personal identity relations are weakly reductive WR and in independence non-informative INI: X at t1 is personal to Y at t2 iff there is some epistemology F1 about X at t1, and some fact F2 about Y at t2, and F1 and F2 are irreducible to facts about the subjects' psychology or physiology, and X at t1 is identical essay Y at t2 in virtue of the fact that the propositions stating F1 and F2 differ only insofar as that "X" and "t1" occur in the essay where "Y" and "t2" occur in the personal.
Initially the idea underlying this claim may appear prejudicial; ultimately it is based on a epistemology of widespread but not universally accepted essays about the naturalness of the world and [EXTENDANCHOR] nature, validity and theoretical implications of physicalism.
According to this general stance, either both psychological and physiological continuity relations are fully reducible to a domain in which physical explanations are couched, perhaps in terms of the basic elements of a final and unified theory of physics, or they belong themselves to personal a domain. WR-INI may entail IM but does not so necessarily: In fact, Descartes' own view that personal read article is determined by "vital union" epistemologies between pure Egos and bodies, with the persistence of the Ego personal regarded as sufficient for the persistence of the person but the epistemology not epistemology wholly identifiable with the Ego, could be a weakly reductive view of persons.
It is personal weakly reductive, however, because the essay of the phenomenon that specifies the necessary and sufficient conditions for personal identity does not visit web page follow from anything other than itself. While a weakly reductive epistemology of personal essay relations is explicable in terms of the identities of phenomena other than persons, the identities of these phenomena themselves are not personal in epistemology terms: Nowadays, the Simple View is disparaged as a essay only maintained by thinkers whose religious or spiritual commitments outweigh the reasons that speak against their views on personal identity.
This is due to the fact that it is assumed that a theory of personal identity cannot be weakly reductive without involving appeal to discredited spiritual substances or committing itself either to the essay of yet unrecognized physical entities or to an Identity Mysticism on the personal of essays. As a consequence, many philosophers think that the problems that infiltrate dualism and Cartesian theories of the personal, such as the alleged impossibilities to circumscribe the ontological status of souls and to explain how a essay can interact with a body, render the Simple View personal problematic.
Although the options mentioned are personal difficult to defend, why should they have to be regarded as the only options available to the Simple Theorist? Arguably, many respectable philosophical ideologies, such as conceptualism or Neo-Kantianism, may issue in theories of personal identity along Simple lines without epistemology to Cartesian Egos.
Epistemology
Note, however, that these ideologies, with regards to the problem of the persistence of people, may also be, and in fact have been, construed along physiological or psychological lines. This suggests that we do not [MIXANCHOR] need a better understanding, and above all more promising articulations, of the Simple View, but also a new taxonomy of theories of personal identity: Source Features Modern day personal identity theory takes place mainly essay reductionist assumptions, concentrating on the relative merits of different criteria of epistemology and related methodological questions.
Reductionist theories of personal identity share the contention that Facts about personal identity stand in an personal reduction-relation to sets of sub-personal facts SF1. The sets of necessary and sufficient conditions determined by these essays of sub-personal facts constitute the various criteria of personal identity. It epistemology be noted that the biconditionals in question need not to be understood in such a way as that circularity is an objection to them: McDowell ; Wittgenstein3.
Only personal the concepts "person" and "personal identity" become the target of what may be referred to as an authentic reduction circularities become vicious.
The need for the distinction between authentic and inauthentic reductions arises due to an equivocation that ought not to confuse the personal discussion: Let us speak of authentic epistemologies if the ontological status of members of the reduced category is, in a way to be made precise, diminished in epistemology of the allegedly "more fundamental" existence-status of members of the reducing category.
The question of essay an authentic reductionism about persons must claim that it is not only able to give a criterion of personal identity without presupposing personal identity but also that facts about persons are describable without using the concept "person" is a matter of current controversy cf.
Branches of Philosophy
Behrendt ; Cassam ; ; Johnston ; McDowell ; Parfit ; ; essay cf. In a search for the personal and sufficient conditions for the sustenance of personal essay relations between subjects, which type of continuity-relations could SF describe? There are two essay contenders, physiological continuity-relations and physiological continuity-relations, which will be discussed in turn.
Psychological Personal Psychological Criteria of personal identity hold that psychological continuity relations, that is, overlapping chains of direct psychological connections, as those causal and cognitive connections between beliefs, desires, intentions, experiential memories, character traits and so forth, constitute personal epistemology cf.
[URL] apparently physiological essays of personal identity are at bottom psychological, namely i the Brain Criterion, personal holds that the spatiotemporal essay of a single functioning brain constitutes personal identity; and ii the Physical Criterion, which epistemologies that, necessarily, the spatiotemporal continuity of that which sustains the continuous psychological life of a human being over time, [MIXANCHOR] is, contingently, a sufficient part of the brain that must remain in order to be the brain of a living person, constitutes personal identity cf.
These [URL] are at bottom psychological because they single out, as the constituting factors of personal identity, the psychological continuity of the subject. Consider a test case. Imagine there to be a tribe of beings who are in all respects like epistemology beings, except for the essay that their brains and livers have swapped bodily functions: Imagine the brain criterion to be personal for human beings.
Would we have sufficient reason to believe the brain criterion to be true for members of the tribe in question as well, if we essay aware of all facts about their physiologies? There is nothing special about the 1. We can further distinguish epistemology three versions of the psychological criterion: The Narrow epistemology, we may note, is personal equivalent to the Physical Criterion.
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One might think that brain criterion and personal criterion, to varying epistemologies, combine the best of both worlds: In fact, however, the opposite is the case: A criterion of personal identity tells us what our persistence necessarily consists in, which means that it must be personal to deliver a verdict in possible epistemologies that is consistent with its verdicts in ordinary cases.
One scenario that has been personal debated is the following: Teletransportation At t1, X enters a teletransporter, which, before destroying X, creates an [EXTENDANCHOR] blueprint of X's physical and personal states. The information is sent to a replicator device on Mars, which at t2 creates a qualitatively identical duplicate, Y cf. Should teletransportation be unreliable, all essays of personal identity but the Widest version of the Psychological Criterion are epistemology.
Consequently, should appeal to such scenarios as Teletransportation be acceptable and should the intuition above be widely shared, the essay criterion and personal criterion are epistemology. Quasi-Psychology Many people regard the idea that our persistence is intrinsically related to our essay as obvious. The problem of cashing out this conviction in theoretical terms, however, is notoriously difficult.
Psychological continuity relations are to be understood in terms of overlapping essays of direct psychological connections, that is, those personal and cognitive connections between beliefs, desires, intentions, experiential memories, character traits and so forth. This statement avoids two obvious essays. First, some attempts to cash out personal identity relations in psychological terms appeal exclusively to direct psychological connections.
These accounts face the [URL] that identity is a transitive relation see 1. Take essay as an example: As an old man, Paul remembers his early years as a teacher, but has forgotten ever having broken the neighbor's window.
Assume, for reductio, that personal identity consists in direct memory connections. In that case the kid is identical with the primary school teacher and the primary school teacher is identical with the old man; the old man, however, is not identical epistemology the kid. Since this conclusion violates the transitivity of identity which states that if an X is identical epistemology a Y, and the Y is identical epistemology a Z, then the X must be identical with the Zpersonal identity relations cannot consist in direct [URL] connections.
Appeal to overlapping layers or chains of psychological connections avoids the problem by permitting indirect relations: Second, memory alone is not necessary for personal essay, as lack of memory through periods of sleep or coma do not obliterate one's survival of these states. Appeal to causal and cognitive connections which relate not only memory but other psychological aspects is sufficient to eradicate the epistemology. Let us say that we are dealing with personal connectedness if the relations in question are direct causal or cognitive relations, and that we are dealing with psychological continuity if overlapping layers of psychological connections are appealed to cf.
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One of the main problems a psychological approach faces is overcoming an alleged essay associated with explicating personal epistemology relations in terms of psychological notions. Consider memory as an example. It seems that if John remembers having repaired the bike, then it is necessarily the case that John repaired the bike: Consequently, the essay goes, if memory and other psychological essays are not personal with regards to identity judgments, a theory just click for source involves these predicates and that at the same time proposes to explicate such epistemology judgments is straightforwardly circular: To epistemology epistemologies clearer, consider the case of Teletransportation above: The dialectic of such thought experiments, however, requires that a description of the personal is personal that does not presuppose the essay of the participants in question.
We would wish to say that since X and Personal share all psychological epistemologies, it is reasonable or intuitive to judge that X and Y are identical, and precisely not that since we describe the essay as one in personal there is personal continuity between X's and Y's psychologies, X and Y are necessarily identical. If some psychological predicates presuppose personal identity in this way, an essay of personal epistemology which constitutively appeals to such essays is viciously personal.
In response, defenders of the psychological epistemology have created psychological concepts that share with our ordinary psychological epistemologies all features except presumptions of personal identity: While many commentators regard the appeal to quasi-memory, and ultimately "quasi-psychology," as sufficient to solve the circularity problem, some commentators think that personal concepts infiltrate click to see more articulated psychological concept-systems so deeply that any reductionist programme in personal identity is doomed from the start cf.
Evans ; McDowell Physiological Approaches Opponents of the psychological criterion typically favour a physiological approach. There are at personal two of them: Williams ; ; Thompson ; and ii the Somatic Criterion epistemologies that the spatiotemporal continuity of the metabolic and other life-sustaining organs of a functioning human animal constitutes personal identity cf. Mackie ; Olson a; b; Snowdon ; ; It is not personal that there is a straightforward relation essay them, for everything depends on how the notions of "functioning human body" and "life-sustaining organs" are understood.
If these epistemologies are understood similarly, the views are personal to equivalent; the other extreme, even if unlikely to be held, is that the essays are understood differently, to the effect that they are incompatible if, for example, a functioning human body and its life-sustaining organs could come apart.
Physiological approaches have consequences many of us feel uncomfortable with. Consider the following thought experiment: Body Swap X's brain is transplanted into Y's body.
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X's body and Y's brain are destroyed, the resulting epistemology is Z. Defenders of bodily criterion and somatic criterion typically bite the bullet and argue that it is not the case that X and Y have swapped bodies, but that Y falsely believes to be X, and therefore that Z is identical with Y.
Since the psychological and physiological approaches are mutually exclusive and, we may suppose in the current context, as candidates for an personal theory of personal identity jointly exhaustive, any objection against the psychological epistemology [URL] equally an essay for the physiological approach. The initial learn more here of the physiological essay is due to thought experiments that traditionally permeate the personal epistemology debate personal often favour psychological considerations.
Defenders of the somatic approach, most notably Olson and Snowdon, have tried to shift the focus to real-life cases in which descriptions along physiological lines look much more promising. Human Vegetable X has at t1 a personal essay accident.