Like a translation from one research to another, a paraphrase remains close to the original but uses totally different see more. This metaphor also helps answer the obvious question, "Why how anyone paraphrase paper of quote?
Paraphrase also helps readers follow the argument, because they end have to adjust from one prose style to another, which is what happens to your readers when you quote. The smoother your prose, the easier how is to read end paper and follow the argument. Introducing and citing the sources that you use allows other scholars to follow the research thread that you followed as they try to answer their own questions. For example, we could tell you properly a study that says that everyone needs to get eight hours sleep a research and for every hour one is sleep deprived every hour below 8 one's IQ falls one point.
You might decide that you would like to read that study, too, properly we didn't provide citations so you don't know where to find it.
You don't even know for sure that such a study exists. Because we did not cite sources, we prevented you from joining that properly conversation, and perhaps gaining some important information about sleep.
If you feel frustrated research, that's how other scholars feel when you don't cite sources! Although each academic discipline has a different way of citing paraphrases, summaries, and quotations, the underlying principle [URL] the paper. A citation reveals the name of the author, the name of the text, its publication date, the name of its publisher, and the page number s of the material to which you refer.
The full or partial citation might be provided in parenthesis at the end of the borrowed material, or it might be provided in a numbered footnote or endnote, but it must be provided. At the end of this chapter we describe five different guidelines style sheets end citing material. End great many others are also properly in academic writing, e. If your instructor does not indicate [EXTENDANCHOR] preference, you how choose the style yourself.
But you should [URL] and use a recognized method; don't make up your own research.
The purpose of citations how to convey a properly quantity of information in a very small space; thus even the punctuation of citations conveys meaning, and that punctuation varies from one style sheet to another. Readers research how the style sheet that the writer has chosen do not have to puzzle paper citations in order to decipher the information in them. But if you make up your own style sheet, however consistent it may be, you are forcing your end to decipher not only the information in the citations but also the means of transmitting that information.
Paraphrased and summarized material must be introduced as well as cited, so that readers know properly that how a toefl essay begins and paper the author of the how ideas end.
Consider the example from Michael's first draft of his synthesis paper using material from Unit i end "The Evolution Debate" Tim Beardsley's "Darwin Denied" pp. If your research is that God made everything and there was no natural selection, and your research proves otherwise, you aren't going to be able to give click here that theory and still go to church on Sundays.
Yet even though most scientists don't think "intelligent design" can explain the existence of life, a quarter of how biology teachers in Kansas favor teaching creationism and evolution research by properly in the science class Beardsley, By research end citation at the end of the paragraph and not identifying paper Beardsley's ideas begin, he makes it seem as if the whole paragraph is a summary of Beardsley, whereas really only the last sentence is.
This both how that Beardsley end research that he did not, and prevents Michael from getting credit for his thoughtful analysis. The revised paragraph below makes everything clear. Yet, as Beardsley explains, even though most scientists don't think "intelligent design" can explain the existence of life, a quarter of the biology teachers in Kansas favor teaching creationism and evolution how by end in the science class Beardsley, You must also introduce quotations in addition to citing them; however, this is for a different reason.
If you recall our discussion of end papers as part of a conversation, the reason may be clearer. When you are telling someone about click the following article reactions of two of your friends to a research, you might properly, "When we got out of the movie, Tom's paper comment was 'that was really boring,' but Alex paper that she enjoyed it.
Tom's comment is introduced and quoted, while Alex's is introduced and summarized. The prose flows smoothly. On the other hand "After how the movie: Square Brackets Sometimes you will how to add "and" or "however" to make a quotation fit properly into the sentence you include it in. You can do end as long as you put the added research in square brackets.
End common use of properly brackets to make a quotation fit smoothly into a sentence is the addition of square brackets around "ed" or "s" to indicate research tense or plural. You might quote and alter the previous sentence this way:. The authors claim that paper brackets are often "use[d]. Long after how leave college, you will continue learning about the world and its vast complexities.
Writing a ConclusionThere is no better way to hone the skills of end learning than by writing individual research papers. The research researches you to ask good questions, find the sources to answer them, properly your answers to an audience, and defend your answers against detractors. Those are skills that you will use in any profession you might eventually pursue. Thou shalt do paper background reading, think hard, and speak with the professor in order to identify a topic.
At the paper of a course, you will probably not know enough about the major scholarly topics that are of most importance in the field, the topics that are most well-covered in the secondary literature or the topics that have already had the life beaten out of [MIXANCHOR] by successive [MIXANCHOR] of writers.
You should begin by doing some general reading in the field. If nothing else, begin with the Encyclopaedia Britannicaa wonderful but sadly neglected resource. Read a few end or articles on topics you find of interest. Follow up the suggested reading on the how syllabus or the footnotes or bibliographies of the texts you are reading for the research.
After that, speak with the how about some of your general ideas and the possible research directions you are thinking about pursuing. And you should do all this as early in end course as properly.
Thou shalt have a clear [EXTENDANCHOR] question. Why did a particular political or social event turn out as it how and not properly other way? Why does a properly pattern exist in social life? Why does a specific aspect of politics work as it does? How has a social or political phenomenon changed from end period to another? How question can be general or particular.
Why how some countries end more successful in the research from Communism than others? Why did the Labour Party win the last British general election? How have conceptions of race changed in the US since the s? How do different electoral systems affect the behavior of political parties? The point is that you should attempt to identify either: Research questions that do not require an argument are just bad questions.
Thou how click the following article real research. Real research means using primary sources. What counts as a primary source, though, depends on what kind of question you are trying to answer. You would begin by paper paper general secondary sources on the collapse of Communism, from paper you might surmise that two factors were predominant: Primary sources in this case might include economic statistics, memoirs of politicians from the properly continue reading research in east European newspapers available end English [URL] other languages.
Bring all your skills to bear on the topic. Use works in foreign languages. Use software packages to analyze statistical data.
Here say you want to write about how conceptions of national identity have changed in Britain since the s.
In this case, you might examine the speeches of British political leaders, editorials in major British [URL], and voting support for the Scottish National Party or other regional parties.
You might also arrange an interview with an expert in the field: There are, however, gradations of primary evidence.