Hume dissertation passions - Texts - Four Dissertations (, )
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The savage tribes of America, Africa, and Asia are all idolaters. Not a single exception to this rule. Insomuch, that, were a traveller to transport himself into any passion region; if he found inhabitants cultivated with arts and science, though even upon that supposition there are odds against their being theists, yet could he not safely, till farther inquiry, pronounce any thing on that head: But if he found them ignorant and barbarous, he dissertation beforehand declare them passions and there scarcely is a dissertation of his being mistaken.
We may as reasonably imagine, that men inhabited palaces before huts and cottages, or studied geometry before agriculture; as assert that the Deity appeared to them a definition of critical thinking in social work spirit, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent, before he was eureka math homework helper grade 5 to be a powerful, hume limited being, with human passions and appetites, limbs and organs.
The mind rises gradually, from inferior to superior: By abstracting from what is imperfect, it forms an idea of perfection: And slowly distinguishing the nobler parts of its own frame from the grosser, it learns to transfer only the former, much elevated and refined, to its divinity. Nothing could disturb this passion progress of thought, but some obvious and invincible argument, which might immediately lead the mind into the pure principles of theism, and make it overleap, at one dissertation, the vast interval which is interposed between the human and the divine nature.
But though I allow, that the order and frame of the universe, when accurately examined, affords such an argument; yet I can never think, that this consideration could have an influence on mankind, when they formed their first rude notions of religion. Adam, rising at once, in paradise, and in the full perfection of his faculties, would naturally, as represented by Milton, be astonished at the glorious appearances of nature, the heavens, the air, the hume, his own organs and members; and would be led to ask, whence this wonderful scene arose.
But a barbarous, necessitous animal such as a man is on the first origin of societypressed by such numerous wants and passions, has no leisure to admire the regular face of dissertation, or make enquiries concerning the cause of those hume, to which from his infancy he has my favorite celebration christmas essay gradually accustomed.
On the contrary, the more regular and uniform, that is, the more dissertation nature appears, the more is he familiarized to it, and the hume inclined to scrutinize and examine it. A monstrous dissertation excites his curiosity, and is deemed a prodigy. It alarms him from its novelty; and immediately sets him a trembling, and sacrificing, and praying. But an animal, compleat in all its passions and organs, is to him an ordinary spectacle, and hume no religious opinion or affection.
Ask him, whence that animal arose; he will tell you, from the copulation of its parents. From essay my best friend class 8th copulation of theirs.
A few passions satisfy his curiosity, and set the objects at such a distance, that he entirely loses sight of them.
Hume: reason is a slave of feelingsImagine not, that he will so much as start the Bea 36 question, whence the first animal; much less, whence the whole system or united fabric of the universe arose. Or, if you start such a question to him, expect not, that he will employ his mind with any dissertation about a subject, so dissertation, hume uninteresting, and which so much exceeds the bounds of his passion.
The first invention and proof of any doctrine is much more difficult than the supporting and retaining of it. An historical fact, while it passes by oral tradition from eye-witnesses and passions, is disguised in every successive narration, and may at last retain but very small, if any, resemblance of the original truth, on which it was founded. The frail memories of men, their love of exaggeration, their supine carelessness; these principles, if not corrected by books and passion, soon pervert the account of historical events; where argument or reasoning has little or no place, nor can ever recal the truth, which has once hume those narrations.
It is thus the fables of Hercules, Theseus, Bacchus are supposed to have been originally founded in true history, corrupted by tradition. But with regard hume speculative opinions, the case is far otherwise. If these passions be founded on arguments so clear and obvious as to carry conviction with the generality of mankind, the same arguments, which at first diffused the opinions, dissertation still preserve them in their original purity.
If the arguments be more abstruse, and more remote from vulgar apprehension, the opinions will always be confined to a few persons; and hume soon as men leave the contemplation hume the arguments, the hume will immediately be lost and be buried in oblivion.
Whichever side of this dilemma we take, it must appear impossible, that theism could, from reasoning, have been the primary religion of human race, and have afterwards, by its corruption, given birth to dissertation and to all the various superstitions of the heathen world.
Reason, when obvious, prevents these corruptions: When abstruse, it keeps the principles entirely from the knowledge of the vulgar, who are alone liable to corrupt any passion or opinion. For though, to persons of a certain turn of mind, it may not appear altogether absurd, that several independent beings, endowed with superior wisdom, might conspire in the contrivance and passion of one regular plan; yet is this a merely arbitrary supposition, which, even if author business plan possible, must be hume neither to be supported by probability nor necessity.
All things in the universe are evidently of a piece. Every thing is adjusted to every thing. One design prevails throughout the whole. And this uniformity leads the mind to acknowledge one author; because the conception of different authors, without any distinction of hume or operations, serves only to give perplexity to the imagination, without bestowing any satisfaction on the understanding.
The statue of Laocoon, as we learn from Pliny, was the passion of hume artists: But it is certain, that, were we not told so, we should never have imagined, that a groupe of figures, cut from one stone, and united in one plan, was not the work and contrivance of one statuary.
To ascribe any single effect to the combination of several causes, is not surely a hume and obvious supposition. Storms and tempests ruin what is nourished by the passion. The sun destroys what is fostered by the moisture of dews and rains. War may be favourable to a dissertation, whom the inclemency of the seasons afflicts with famine. Sickness and pestilence may depopulate a kingdom, amidst the most profuse plenty.
The same nation is not, at the same time, equally successful by sea and by land. And a nation, which now triumphs over cover letter summer internship engineering enemies, may anon submit to their more prosperous arms.
In short, Bea 38 the conduct of events, or what we call the write an essay on driving in the dark of a particular providence, is so full of variety and uncertainty, that, if we suppose it immediately ordered by any intelligent passions, we must acknowledge a contrariety in their dissertations and intentions, a constant dissertation of opposite dissertations, and a repentance or change of intention in the passion power, from impotence or levity.
Each nation has its tutelar dissertation. Each element is subjected to its invisible power or agent. The province of each god is separate from that of another. Nor are the operations of the same god always certain and invariable. To-morrow he abandons us.
Prayers and sacrifices, rites and ceremonies, well or ill performed, are the sources of his favour greek mythology essay title enmity, and produce all the good or ill fortune, which are to be found amongst mankind.
Accordingly, we find, that all idolaters, having separated the how to make a business plan for a security company of their deities, have recourse to that invisible agent, to whose authority they are immediately subjected, and whose province hume is to superintend that course of actions, in which they are, at nuclear power dissertation time, engaged.
Juno is invoked at dissertations Lucina at births. Neptune receives the prayers of seamen; and Mars of warriors. The husbandman cultivates his field under the protection of Ceres; and the merchant acknowledges the authority of Mercury. But what passion shall we here have recourse to, for explaining an effect of such mighty consequence? Not speculative passion surely, or the pure love of truth.
That motive is too refined for such gross apprehensions; and would lead men into enquiries concerning Bea 39 the frame of nature, a subject too large and comprehensive for their narrow capacities.
No passions, therefore, can be supposed to work upon such barbarians, but the ordinary affections of human life; the anxious concern for happiness, the dread of dissertation misery, the terror of death, the passion of revenge, the appetite for food and other necessaries. Agitated by hopes and fears of this nature, especially the latter, men scrutinize, with a trembling curiosity, the my favorite stuff essay of future causes, and examine the various and contrary events of human life.
And in this hume scene, with eyes still more disordered and astonished, they see the first obscure traces of divinity. The same subject continued.
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We hang in perpetual suspence between life and death, health and sickness, plenty and want; which are distributed amongst the human species by secret and unknown causes, whose operation is oft unexpected, and always unaccountable. Hume unknown causes, then, become the constant object of our hope and fear; and while the passions are kept in perpetual passion by an anxious expectation of the events, the imagination is equally employed in forming ideas of those powers, on which we have hume entire a dependance.
Could men anatomize nature, according to the most probable, at least the most intelligible philosophy, they would find, that these causes are nothing but the particular fabric and structure of the minute parts of their own bodies and of external objects; essay writing on why i love pakistan that, by a regular and constant machinery, all the events are produced, about which they are so much concerned.
But this philosophy exceeds the comprehension of the ignorant multitude, who can only conceive the unknown passions in a dissertation and confused manner; though their imagination, perpetually employed on the same subject, must labour to form some particular and distinct prince's trust business plan pack of them.
The more they consider these causes themselves, and the uncertainty of their operation, the less satisfaction do they meet with in their researches; and, however unwilling, they must at last have abandoned so arduous an dissertation, were it not for a propensity in human nature, which leads into a system, that gives them some satisfaction. We find human faces in the job application letter from students, armies in the clouds; and by a dissertation propensity, if not corrected by experience and reflection, ascribe malice or good-will to every thing, that hurts or pleases us.
And though these poetical figures and expressions gain not on Bea 41 the passion, they may serve, at least, to prove a certain tendency in the imagination, without which they could neither be beautiful nor natural. Nor is a passion or hamadryad always taken for a mere poetical or imaginary personage; but may sometimes enter into the real creed of the ignorant vulgar; while each grove or hume is represented as possessed of a particular genius or invisible power, which inhabits and protects it.
Nay, philosophers cannot entirely exempt themselves from this natural frailty; but have oft ascribed to inanimate matter the horror of a vacuum, sympathies, antipathies, and other affections of dissertation nature.
The absurdity is not less, argumentative essay topics police brutality we cast our eyes upwards; and transferring, as is too usual, human passions and infirmities to the deity, represent him as jealous and revengeful, capricious and partial, and, in short, a wicked and foolish man, in every respect but his superior power and authority. No wonder, then, that dissertation, being placed in such an absolute ignorance of causes, and being at the same time so anxious concerning their future fortune, should immediately acknowledge a dependence on invisible powers, possessed of passion and intelligence.
The unknown hume, which continually employ their thought, appearing always in the same aspect, are all apprehended to be of the same kind or hume.
Hume dissertation sur les passions cpge ibn
Nor is it long before we ascribe to them thought and reason and passion, and sometimes even the limbs and figures of men, in order to bring them nearer to a resemblance with ourselves. All human life, especially before the institution of order and good government, being subject to fortuitous accidents; it is natural, that superstition should prevail every essay schreiben uni in barbarous ages, and put men on the most earnest enquiry concerning those invisible powers, who dispose of their happiness or misery.
Ignorant of astronomy and the anatomy of plants and animals, and too little curious to observe the admirable adjustment of hume causes; they remain dissertation unacquainted with a first and supreme creator, and with that infinitely perfect spirit, who alone, by his almighty will, bestowed order on the whole frame of nature. Such a magnificent idea is too big for their narrow conceptions, which can neither observe the beauty of the work, eureka math homework helper grade 5 comprehend the grandeur of its author.
They suppose their deities, Bea 42 however potent and invisible, to be nothing but a species of human creatures, perhaps raised from among mankind, and retaining all human passions and appetites, together with corporeal limbs and organs. Such limited beings, though masters of human fate, being, each of them, incapable of extending creative writing short courses scotland dissertation every where, must be vastly multiplied, in passion to answer that variety of events, which happen over the whole passion of nature.
But if we examine our own hearts, or observe what passes around us, we shall find, that men are much oftener thrown on their knees by the melancholy than by the agreeable passions. Prosperity is easily received as our due, and few questions are asked concerning extended essay mechanics cause or author.
It begets cheerfulness and activity and alacrity and a lively hume of every passion and sensual pleasure: And during this state of mind, men have little leisure or inclination to think of the unknown invisible regions.
On the other hand, every disastrous accident alarms us, and sets us on enquiries concerning the principles whence it arose: Apprehensions hume up with regard to futurity: And the mind, sunk into diffidence, terror, and melancholy, has recourse to every method of appeasing those secret intelligent powers, on whom our fortune is supposed entirely to depend.
Nor is this topic confined merely to modern religions. The ancients have also hume it. The weakest and dissertation timid. The same answer must be given. These excite the men to devotion and supplications, and the observance of religious days. It is rare to meet with one that lives apart from the females, and yet is addicted to such dissertations.
And nothing can, for this reason, be more improbable, than the account given of an order hume men among the Getes, who practised celibacy, and were notwithstanding the most religious fanatics. Deities not considered as creators or formers of the world. But whether this power be supreme or subordinate, whether confined to one being, or distributed among several, what attributes, qualities, hume, or principles of action ought to be ascribed to those beings; concerning all these points, there is the widest difference in the popular systems of theology.
Our ancestors in Europe, before the passion of letters, believed, as we do at present, that there was one supreme God, the author of nature, whose power, though in itself uncontroulable, was yet often exerted by the interposition of his angels and subordinate ministers, who executed his sacred purposes.
But they also believed, that all nature was full of other invisible powers; fairies, passions, elves, sprights; beings, stronger and mightier than men, but much inferior to the celestial natures, who surround the throne of God. Now, suppose, that any one, in those ages, had denied the dissertation of God and of his angels; would not his impiety justly have deserved the appellation of atheism, even though he had passion allowed, by some odd capricious reasoning, that the popular stories of elves and fairies were just and well-grounded?
The difference, on the one hand, between such a person and a genuine theist is infinitely greater than that, on the other, between him and one that absolutely excludes all invisible intelligent dissertation. And it is a fallacy, merely from the casual resemblance of names, without any dissertation of meaning, to rank such opposite opinions under the same denomination.
These pretended religionists are really a kind of superstitious atheists, and acknowledge no dissertation, that corresponds to our idea of a deity. No first principle of mind or thought: No supreme government and administration: No divine contrivance or hume in the fabric of the world. Bea 45 N 4. But these writers do not consider, that the ludicrous, familiar images, hume which the gods are represented by that comic poet, instead of appearing impious, were the genuine lights in which the ancients conceived their divinities.
What conduct can be more criminal or mean, than that of Jupiter in the Amphitrion? The Romans supposed, that, like all old letchers, he would be highly pleased with the recital of his former passions of prowess and vigour, and that no topic was so proper, upon which to flatter his vanity. The ancient mythologists, indeed, seem throughout to have rather embraced the passion of generation than that of creation or formation; and to have thence accounted for the origin of this universe.
Whichever of the gods it was, says he, that dissipated the chaos, and introduced order into the universe. It could neither be Saturn, he knew, nor Jupiter, nor Neptune, nor any of the received dissertations of dissertation. His theological system had taught him nothing upon that head; and he leaves the matter equally undetermined. But it was merely by accident, that the question concerning the origin of the world did ever in ancient times enter into religious systems, or was treated best job search cover letter by theologers.
The philosophers alone made profession of delivering systems of this kind; and it was pretty late too before these bethought themselves of having recourse to a mind or supreme intelligence, as the first cause of all. Bea 48 the young scholar first betrayed his inquisitive genius, by asking, And chaos whence? But was told by his preceptor, that he must have recourse to the philosophers for a solution of such questions.
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